XÜLASƏ
Günümüz Әfqanistanda Türkmәn Türkcәsinin Durumu
Mәhәmmәd Bәşir YAVӘR
Varlıq: Üç Aylıq Dil, Ədəbiyyat, Mədəniyyət və Toplum Araşdırmaları Dərgisi, İkinci Dönəm, Say 2021: 24(2), s. 79-93
Türkmәnlәr çox әski zamanlardan bәri Әfqanistanın şimali-şәrqindәn şimali-qәrbinә qәdәr uzanan coğrafi bölgәlәrdә yaşamaqdadırlar. Ayrıca başkәnd Kabil ilә birlikdә Pәrvan vilayәtinin Türkmәn Dәrәsindә vә Hilmәnd vilayәtindә yerlәşmәkdәdirlәr. Böyük әksәriyyәti qırsal bölgәlәrdә yaşamaqda olan Türkmәnlәr; әkinçilik, heyvandarlıq, dәriçilik, xalçaçılıq peşәlәri ilә uğraşırkәn böyük şәhәrlәrdә olan Türkmәnlәr dahaçox ticarәtlә keçimlәrini tәmin edirlәr. Türkmәnlәrin öncülük etdiyi xalçaçılıq vә dәriçilik sektorları ölkәnin milli gәlirinin önәmli faktoru olaraq bilinmәkdәdir.
Uzun zaman ölkәdә davam edәn qeyri-sabitlik vә savaşlar nәdәni ilә Әfqanistan Türkmәnlәri ağır şәrait altında yaşam sürdürmәyә mәruz qalmışlar. Digәr yandan Türkmәnlәrin yaşadığı bәzi bölgәlәrdә su yetәrsizliyi, onların әkinçilik vә heyvandarlıq sektorlarına mәnfi tәsir göstәrmişdir. Bu tәsirlәr onların günlük hәyatına mәnfi әks olunmaqdadır. Ümumi mәnada bu vәziyyәt, Әfqanistan Türkmәnlәrinin böyük qisminin işsiz qalmasına sәbәb olmaqla birlikdә onların siyasi, iqtisadi, sosial, mәdәni vә s. durumlarını ciddi mәnada mәnfi etkilәmişdir. Bu mәqalәdә Әfqanistan Türkmәnlәrinin yerlәşim yerlәri ilә onların tәhsil vәziyyәti incәlәnәrәk Türkmәn Türkcәsi ilә basılan әsәrlәrin vә dәrs kitablarının, qәzet vә dәrgilәrin keçmişdә vә günümüzdәki durumuna vә şifahi xalq әnәnәlәrinә işarә olunmuşdur.
Açar Sözlәr: Әfqanistan, Әfqanistan Türkmәnlәri, Türkmәn Türkcәsi, Dil vә әdәbiyyat.
ABSTRACT
The Current Situation of Turkmen Turkish in Afghanistan
Mohammad Bashir YAWAR
Varlıq: Quarterli Journal of Language, Literature, Culture and Social Studies, Second period, Issue 2021: 24(2), pp. 79-93
Turkmens have been living in the geographical regions which is extending from northeast to north-western parts of Afghanistan since ancient times. They also have been living in the capital city of Afghanistan Kabul as well as the Turkmen Dare (valley) region of Parwan and the Helmand Province. While the vast majority of Turkmens living in rural areas are occupying with agriculture, farming, leather crafting and carpet weaving professions, some others who are living in the large cities are engaged with the business. As the Turkmens are well known for their expertise in the production of carpet and leather which make them a key contributor for the country’s national income.
Due to the continues long years of wars and instability in the country, Afghanistan’s Turkmens have been exposed to live under hard circumstances. On the other hand, water shortages in some areas where Turkmens live, adversely affect their agriculture and livestock sectors which is reflects in their daily life negatively. In general, while this situation causes high percentage of unemployment among Afghanistan’s Turkmens, it also dramatically affects their political, economical, educational, social and cultural situation too.
This study sheds lights on, the settlements and educational status of Afghanistan’s Turkmens by reviewing the works, schoolbooks, newspaper and magazines which is published in the Turkmen language as well as the past and the present situation of the media sector broadcasts and oral traditions.
Keywords: Afghanistan, Afghanistan’s Turkmens, Turkmen Turkish, Turkmens
ÖZET
Bugünkü Afganistan’ında Türkmen Türkçesinin Durumu
Muhammed Beşir YAVER
Varlıq: Üç Aylık Dil, Edebiyat, Kültür ve Toplum Araştırmalrı Dergisi, İkinci Dönem, Sayı 2012: 24(2), s. 79-93
Türkmenler çok eski zamanlardan beri Afganistan’ın kuzeydoğusundan kuzeybatısına kadar uzanan coğrafi bölgelerde yaşamaktadırlar. Ayrıca başkent Kabil ile birlikte Pervan ilinin Türkmen Deresi ve Hilment ilinde bulunmaktadırlar. Büyük çoğunluğu kırsal bölgelerde yaşayan Türkmenler; tarım, hayvancılık, dericilik, halıcılık gibi mesleklerle uğraşırken, büyük şehirlerde bulunan Türkmenler daha çok ticaret yoluyla geçimlerini sağlamaktadırlar. Türkmenlerin öncülük ettiği halıcılık ve dericilik sektörleri ülkenin milli gelirinin önemli faktörü olarak bilinmektedir.
Uzun zaman ülkede devam edem istikrarsızlık ve savaşlar nedeniyle Afganistan Türkmenleri ağır şartlar altında hayatlarını sürdürmeye mecbur kalmışlar. Diğer yandan Türkmenlerin yaşadığı bazı bölgelerde su yetersizliği, onların tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyetlerine ve dolayısıyla günlük yaşamlarına olumsuz etki bırakmıştır. Genel anlamda bu vaziyet, Afganistan Türkmenlerinin büyük kısmının işsiz kalmasına neden olmakla beraber onların siyası, iktisadı, eğitimsel, sosyal, kültürel vs. durumlarını ciddi anlamda olumsuz etkilemiştir.
Bu çalışmada Afganistan Türkmenlerinin yerleşim yerleri ile eğitim durumları incelenerek Türkmen Türkçesiyle basılan eserler ve ders kitaplarının, gazete ve dergilerin geçmişte ve günümüzdeki durumuna ve halk sözlü geleneğine değinilmiştir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Afganistan, Afganistan Türkmenleri, Türkmen Türkçesi, Dil ve Edebiyat.
چکیده
وضعیت ترکی ترکمنی در افغانستان کنونی
محمد بشیر یاور
وارلیق: فصلنامه پژوهشی زبان، ادبیات، فرهنگ و مطالعات اجتماعی، دوره دوم، شماره (2)24 :1400، صص. 93-79
ترکمنها از زمانهای بسیار قدیم در منطقه وسیعی از شمال شرق تا شمال غرب افغانستان زندگی میکنند. همچنین در کابل پایتخت کشور و منطقه ترکمن درهسی ولایت پروان و ولایت هیلمند سکونت دارند. اکثریت ترکمنها در مناطق روستایی زندگی کرده و به کشاورزی، دامداری، چرمسازی و قالیبافی اشتغال دارند. اما جمعیت شهرنشین ترکمن، بیشتر از راه تجارت امرار معاش میکنند. بخشهای قالیبافی و چرمسازی که ترکمنها در آن پیشگام هستند، یکی از مهمترین منابع درآمد ملی محسوب میگردد.
ترکمنهای افغانستان به دلیل بیثباتی و ادامه جنگها، زندگی بسیاری دشواری دارند. علاوه بر این برخی از مناطق ترکمننشین با معضل بیآبی مواجه هستند که این معضل تأثیر نامطلوبی بر کشاورزی و دامپروری و به طور کلی بر شرایط زندگی داشته است. این وضعیت موجب بیکاری بسیاری از ترکمنها شده و در زمینههای اقتصادی، سیاسی، تحصیلی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی تأثیر منفی برجای گذاشته است.
در این مقاله به بررسی مناطق سکونت ترکمنها، وضعیت آموزشی آنها، آثار و کتابهای درسی چاپ شده به ترکی ترکمنی، وضعیت مطبوعات ترکی در گذشته و حال و فرهنگ شفاهی مردم پرداخته شده است.
کلیدواژهها: افغانستان، ترکمنهای افغانستان، ترکی ترکمنی، زبان و ادبیات.
Qaynaq Şexsler/Kaynak Kişiler
FERZAD, Abdul Rahim; Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 40, Eğitim Durumu: Yüksek Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Akademisyen.
ORAZ, Abdul Rahim; Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 66, Eğitim Durumu: Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Devlet Memuru.
RAHMANI, Abdul Raouf; Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 30, Eğitim Durumu: Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Afganistan Milli Radyo Televizyonunun Türkmence bölümünün sorumlusu.
OMAR, Abdul Aziz; Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 68, Eğitim Durumu: Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Emekli Devlet Memuru.
QAYI, Hacı Murad; Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 29, Eğitim Durumu: Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Vatandaran Dergisinin Genel Yayın Yönetmeni.
JUMANAZAR, Hudayberdi, Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 46, Eğitim Durumu: Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Gazeteci.
NUR, Nuryağdı, Cinsiyet: Erkek, Yaş: 31, Eğitim Durumu: Lisans, Boy: Erseri, Akademisyen.
Qaynaqlar / Kaynaklar
ABDULLAH, Mohammad Qhasem (2017), Afganistan Türlerinde Aile ve Evlilik: Andkhoy Örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmayan Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kayseri.
ERDEM, Melek (1998), Dede Korkut Türkmenistan Varyantları, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
ERDEM, Melek (2016), “Türk Diyalekt Coğrafyası Araştırmalarında İran Türk Ağız Araştırmalarının Yeri”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 1, S. 11-12, Çukurova.
FIDAYI, Molla Devlet (1971), Şecere-i Türkmeniye, Muhluszade Yay., Etek/Pakistan.
MAKHDUM, Abdulahad (2016), Afganistan Türklerinin Sosyo-kültürel ve Dini Durumu: Mezar-ı Şerif Örneği, Ondukuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Samsun.
NUR, N., (2020). Türkmenistan Türkçesi ile Afganistan Türkmencesinin Ses ve Şekil Bilgisi Bakımından Karşılaştırılması, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Eğitim Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
ÖZTÜRK, R. (2009), “Afganistan Türkmenlerinin Ferhengi Encümeni ve Güneş Dergisi”, Turkish Studies 4 (3), 185-186.
RASEKH YILDIRIM, Mohammad Saleh (2015), The History and Culture of Turkmen, 3. Bsk., Alazhar Yay., Kabil.
TURAN, Abdul Mecid (1386/2007), “Afganistan Türkmenlerinin Medya Tarihine Kısa Bakış”, Güneş Dergisi, S. 2, ss.
Muhammad Beşir YAVAR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3184-2772
Ankara Üniversitesi, Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri ve Edebiyatları Böl. YL Öğrencisi
E-Posta: moh.bashiryawar@gmail.com
Yazı Bilgisi:
Alındığı Tarih: 1 Nisan 2021
Yayına Kabul edildiği tarih: 5 Mayıs 2021
E-yayın tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2021
Çıktı sayfa sayısı: 15
Kaynak kişi sayısı: 7
Kaynak sayısı: 11
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